There are three sets of triads of movement. In each set, we have an ending that means towards, one that means static position at, and one that means movement away from. Goal, position, and source.

A noun will always fall into the same triad, therefore if you know that a noun always goes with a certain ending when talking of movement, you immediately know that its brothers will come from the same triad.

Example:  we have "az asztalon", meaning on the table.  We therefore know that table belongs in the onto-on-from group.

• az asztalra onto the table
• az asztalról from the table

Question words must also take note of whether there is movement towards or away from the object:

Hungarians don't ask "where are you going?", they ask "to where are you going?" They don't answer this question with "there", but with "to there".

This matrix shows the combinations of the endings that may apply to a noun when there is a spatial relation to that noun.

Some objects will generally take endings from only one group. For example, Hungarian cities (and Hungary itself) take endings from the surfaces group.

• Budapestre towards Budapest
• Budapesten in Budapest
• Budapestről from Budapest

Some objects can take endings from some groups, but not all.
For example, a peice of paper, one can be on or by the paper, but one cannot be in(side) the paper.

Some objects can take endings from all three groups, and the ending then tells you specifically the relation to the object. Let us consider the székreny (waldrobe) as an example. It has an inside, where the clothes are; a top surface, where the dust collects; and one may be adjacent to it, like where the chair is.

The spaces group regards movement into, being in, or movement out of the inside of the waldrobe.

• székrenyben inside the waldrobe.
• az alma a székrenyben van the apple is in the waldrobe.

The "inside" may not be physical, such as a party. It includes foreign cities and countries.

The surfaces group regards flat objects such as a table, a face, a road. It also includes intangible objects such as a thought. It specifically refers to the surface of the object.
Az alma a székrenyen van the apple is on the waldrobe.

The solids group. Az alma a szekrénynél van the apple is by the waldrobe.

 I strongly recommend that when you learn the question words of movement, you using the old fashioned English words. 
Whither, hither, thither, whence, hence, thence, etc.
When learning the meaning of the word onnan, learn it as thence. When learning the meaning of the word where, learn all three of its meanings, hová, hol, honnan.